; FILE: lavois.2
; PURPOSE: test explanatory coherence on oxygen vs. phlogiston
; input file for ECHO2. Original is chem.l.
; PROGRAMMER: Paul Thagard
; CREATED: 8-23-89
; UPDATED: for cohere, 5-4-95, pt
; *************************************************
(defun ll () (load "Peirce HD:LISP:COHERE:lavoisier"))
; ************************************************
; Experiment 1, based on Lavoisier's Reflexions <1783>.
; Page numbers are to this work.
(defun lavoisier ()
(setq *problem* 'Lavoisier)
(clear-net)
; Evidence:
(proposition 'E1 "In combustion, heat and light are given
off.") ; 624, 646
(proposition 'E2 "Inflammability is transmittable from
one body to another.") ; 625
(proposition 'E3 "Combustion only occurs in the presence
of pure air.") ;646
(proposition 'E4 "Increase in weight of a burned body
is exactly equal to weight of air absorbed. ") ; 646
; Note quantitative nature of E4, etc.
(proposition 'E5 "Metals undergo calcination.")
; 624
(proposition 'E6 "In calcination, bodies increase weight.")
; 628
(proposition 'E7 "In calcination, volume of air diminishes.")
; 628
(proposition 'E8 "In reduction, effervescence appears.")
; 628
; Oxygen hypotheses:
(proposition 'OH1 "Pure air contains oxygen principle.")
; 625
(proposition 'OH2 "Pure air contains matter of fire and
heat (MFH).") ; 625
(proposition 'OH3 "In combustion, oxygen from the air
combines with the burning body.")
(proposition 'OH4 "Oxygen has weight.")
(proposition 'OH5 "In calcination, metals add oxygen to
become calxes. ") ; 629
(proposition 'OH6 "In reduction, oxygen is given off.")
; 628
; Phlogiston hypotheses:
(proposition 'PH1 "Combustible bodies contain phlogiston.")
; 624
(proposition 'PH2 "Combustible bodies contain matter
of heat.") ; 652
(proposition 'PH3 "In combustion, phlogiston is given
off.") ; 624
(proposition 'PH4 "Phlogiston can pass from one body
to another.") ; 625
(proposition 'PH5 "Metals contain phlogiston.")
; 624
(proposition 'PH6 "In calcination, phlogiston is given
off.") ; 624
; Contradictions:
; (contradict 'PH3 'OH3)
; (contradict 'PH6 'OH5)
; 652
; Oxygen explanations:
(explain '(OH1 OH2 OH3) 'E1)
; E2?
(explain '(OH1 OH3) 'E3)
(explain '(OH1 OH3 OH4) 'E4)
(explain '(OH1 OH5) 'E5)
(explain '(OH1 OH4 OH5) 'E6)
(explain '(OH1 OH5) 'E7)
(explain '(OH1 OH6) 'E8)
; Phlogiston explanations:
(explain '(PH1 PH2 PH3) 'E1)
(explain '(PH1 PH3 PH4) 'E2)
(explain '(PH5 PH6) 'E5)
(data '(E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 ))
(make-competition) ; ECHO.2
(reset-act *all-units*)
(eval-cohere)
)
; FILE: reality
; PURPOSE: metaphysical assessment of dualism and theism
; PROGRAMMER: Paul Thagard
; CREATED: 10-16-98
; UPDATED: 8-10-99
; *************************************************
(defun real ()
(setq *problem* 'reality)
(clear-net)
; Materialist hypotheses:
(proposition 'MH1 "Everything consists of matter and energy.")
(proposition 'MH2 "Minds consist of matter and energy.")
(proposition 'MH3 "The universe has always existed, or
came to be sporadically.")
(proposition 'MH4 "People are prone to fraud, illusion,
and other psychological failings.")
(proposition 'MH5 "People acquire beliefs and attitudes
through education and socialization.")
(proposition 'MH6 "Consciousness emerges from brain activity.")
(proposition 'MH7 "Biological complexity emerges from
natural selection.")
(proposition 'MH8 "People are biological organisms.")
(proposition 'MH9 "Brains near death undergo physical
changes.")
; Dualist hypotheses:
(proposition 'DH1 "Minds consist of matter and soul.")
(proposition 'DH2 "Minds consist partly of soul.")
(proposition 'DH3 "Minds consist partly of matter.")
(proposition 'DH4 "People have free will.")
(proposition 'DH5 "People survive after death.")
(proposition 'DH6 "People have extra-sensory perception.")
; Theistic hypotheses:
(proposition 'TH1 "God exists.")
(proposition 'TH2 "God is all powerful.")
(proposition 'TH3 "God created and designed the universe.")
; Evidence:
(proposition 'E1 "Many physical phenomena.")
(proposition 'E2 "Many chemical phenomena.")
(proposition 'E3 "Many biological phenomena.")
(proposition 'E4 "Vision correlates with brain activity.")
(proposition 'E5 "Memory correlates with brain activity.")
(proposition 'E6 "Memory correlates with brain activity.")
(proposition 'E7 "People report near death experiences.")
(proposition 'E8 "People report contact with the dead
in seances.")
(proposition 'E9 "People feel they have free will.")
(proposition 'E10 "People have a moral sense.")
(proposition 'E11 "Remote viewing experiments.")
(proposition 'E12 "Telekinesis experiments.")
(proposition 'E13 "Telepathy experiments.")
(proposition 'E14 "People have consciousness.")
(proposition 'E15 "The universe exists.")
(proposition 'E16 "The universe has laws.")
(proposition 'E17 "Biological complexity.")
(proposition 'E18 "People report miracles.")
(proposition 'E19 "People suffer from disease and natural
disasters.")
(proposition 'E20 "People suffer from the evil actions
of others.")
; Contradictions:
(contradict 'MH1 'DH1)
(contradict 'MH1 'TH1)
; Materialist explanations:
(imply '(MH1) 'MH2)
(imply '(MH1) 'MH8)
(explain '(MH1) 'E1)
(explain '(MH1) 'E2)
(explain '(MH1) 'E3)
(explain '(MH2) 'E4)
(explain '(MH2) 'E5)
(explain '(MH2) 'E6)
(explain '(MH2 MH5 MH9) 'E7)
(explain '(MH2 MH4) 'E8)
(explain '(MH2 MH5) 'E9)
(explain '(MH2 MH5) 'E10)
(explain '(MH2 MH4) 'E11)
(explain '(MH2 MH4) 'E12)
(explain '(MH2 MH4) 'E13)
(explain '(MH2 MH6) 'E14)
(explain '(MH2 MH3) 'E15) ; note E16 not explained
(explain '(MH1 MH7) 'E17)
(explain '(MH2 MH4) 'E18)
(explain '(MH1 MH8) 'E19)
(explain '(MH2 MH4) 'E20)
; Dualist explanations:
(imply '(DH1) 'DH2)
(imply '(DH1) 'DH3)
(explain '(DH2) 'DH4)
(explain '(DH2) 'DH5)
(explain '(DH2) 'DH6)
(explain '(DH3) 'E4)
(explain '(DH3) 'E5)
(explain '(DH3) 'E6)
(explain '(DH5) 'E7)
(explain '(DH5) 'E8)
(explain '(DH4) 'E9)
(explain '(DH2) 'E10)
(explain '(DH6) 'E11)
(explain '(DH6) 'E12)
(explain '(DH6) 'E13)
(explain '(DH2) 'E14)
; Theist explanations:
(explain '(TH1) 'DH1) ; connection between theism and dualism
(explain '(TH1 TH2) 'TH3)
; (explain '(TH3) 'E1) ; omitted for lack of detailed explanation
; (explain '(TH3) 'E2)
; (explain '(TH3) 'E3)
(explain '(TH3) 'E15)
(explain '(TH3) 'E16)
(explain '(TH3) 'E17)
(explain '(TH3) 'E18)
(explain '(TH3 DH4) 'E20) ; E19?
(data '(E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12 E13 E14 E15 E16 E17 E18 E19 E20))
(make-competition) ; ECHO.2
(reset-act (mysort *all-explainers*))
(eval-cohere)
)
(defun imply (lst prop) (explain lst prop))
(defun mysort (lst) (sort lst #'string-lessp))